What Is Adjustable Life Insurance?

Adjustable life insurance is a hybrid of term life and whole life insurance that allows policyholders the option to adjust policy features, including the period of protection, face amount, premiums, and length of the premium payment period.

Adjustable life policies also incorporate an interest-bearing savings component, known as a “cash value” account.

Understanding Adjustable Life Insurance

Adjustable life insurance differs from other life insurance products in that there is no requirement to cancel or purchase additional policies as the insured’s circumstances change. It is attractive to those who want the protection and cash value benefits of permanent life insurance yet need or want some flexibility with policy features.

Using the ability to modify premium payments and face amounts, policyholders may customize their coverage as their lives change. For example, a policyholder may want to increase the face amount upon getting married and having children. An unemployed person may want to reduce premiums to accommodate a restricted budget.

As with other permanent life insurance, adjustable life insurance has a savings component that earns cash value interest, usually at a guaranteed rate. Policyholders are permitted to make changes to critical features of their policy within limits. They may increase or decrease the premium, increase or decrease the face amount, extend or shorten the guaranteed protection period, and extend or shorten the premium payment period.

Adjustments to the policy will alter the guaranteed period of the interest rate, and changes in the length of the guarantee will change the cash value schedule. Decreasing the face amount is done upon request or in writing. However, increasing the face amount may require additional underwriting, with substantial increases requiring full medical underwriting.

Factors That Can Be Adjusted

Three factors can be changed in an adjustable life insurance policy. These are the premium, cash value, and death benefit. All three elements can be adjusted because this policy is a permanent life insurance policy and does not expire, like a term life policy.

Premiums can be changed by frequency or amount of payments, as long as you pay above the minimum cost. The policy’s cash value can be increased by upping your premium payments. You can decrease your cash amount if you withdraw funds or use the cash in the policy to pay the premiums.

Finally, you can adjust your death benefit by decreasing or adding to the amount. If you decide to add a significant amount to the death benefit due to a life event like the birth of a child, your premiums may go up based on the new benefit amount. In some cases, your policy will have to undergo additional underwriting.

Advantages and Disadvantages of Adjustable Life Insurance

Adjustable life insurance gives policyholders more flexibility than term life insurance, but it is more expensive than a simple 20- or 30-year term policy. If you plan on using adjustable life insurance as an investment vehicle, you may be better off with a tool that earns more interest. Adjustable life insurance only provides modest amounts of interest growth.

Guidelines for Life Insurance Policies and Riders

Internal Revenue Code (IRC) Section 7702 defines the characteristics of and guidelines for life insurance policies. Subsection C of this section provides guidelines for premium payments. The policyholder may not adjust the premiums in a manner that violates these guidelines. Increasing premiums may also increase the face amount to the point that it requires evidence of insurability.

However, many life insurers set parameters to prevent violations. Adjustable life insurance policies typically have optional riders. Familiar ones include the waiver of premium and accidental death and dismemberment riders.

The Bottom Line

Adjustable life policies provide the flexibility that most traditional policies do not. However, the frequency of allowable adjustments is restricted within set time frames. Requests must be made within an allotted period and meet the guidelines set by the insurer.

The variability in adjustments can create a policy that mirrors either term life insurance or whole life insurance. Effectively, adjustable life insurance policies allow policyholders to customize their life insurance to meet current or anticipated needs.

As with any kind of permanent policy, it’s critical to research every firm that’s being considered to ensure that they’re among the best life insurance companies currently operating.

What Is Absorption Costing?

Absorption costing, sometimes called “full costing,” is a managerial accounting method for capturing all costs associated with manufacturing a particular product. All direct and indirect costs, such as direct materials, direct labor, rent, and insurance, are accounted for when using this method.

Under generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP), U.S. companies may use absorption costing for external reporting, however variable costing is disallowed.

Understanding Absorption Costing

Absorption costing includes anything that is a direct cost in producing a good in its cost base. Absorption costing also includes fixed overhead charges as part of the product costs. Some of the costs associated with manufacturing a product include wages for employees physically working on the product, the raw materials used in producing the product, and all of the overhead costs (such as all utility costs) used in production.

In contrast to the variable costing method, every expense is allocated to manufactured products, whether or not they are sold by the end of the period.

Components of Absorption Costing

The components of absorption costing include both direct costs and indirect costs. Direct costs are those costs that can be directly traced to a specific product or service. These costs include raw materials, labor, and any other direct expenses that are incurred in the production process.

Indirect costs are those costs that cannot be directly traced to a specific product or service. These costs are also known as overhead expenses and include things like utilities, rent, and insurance. Indirect costs are typically allocated to products or services based on some measure of activity, such as the number of units produced or the number of direct labor hours required to produce the product.

In absorption costing, both direct and indirect costs are included in the cost of a product. This means that the cost of each unit of a product includes not only the direct costs of producing that unit, but also a portion of the indirect costs that were incurred in the production process. The total manufacturing costs are then divided by the number of units produced to determine the cost of each unit. The formula for absorption costing can be written as follows:

Absorption cost = (Direct labor costs + Direct material costs + Variable manufacturing overhead costs + Fixed manufacturing overhead) / Number of units produced.

Absorption Costing vs. Variable Costing

Absorption costing and variable costing are two different methods of costing that are used to calculate the cost of a product or service. While both methods are used to calculate the cost of a product, they differ in the types of costs that are included and the purposes for which they are used. The differences between absorption costing and variable costing lie in how fixed overhead costs are treated.

Under absorption costing, all manufacturing costs, both direct and indirect, are included in the cost of a product. This means that the cost of each unit of a product includes not only the direct costs of producing that unit, such as raw materials and labor, but also a portion of the indirect costs that were incurred in the production process, such as overhead expenses. Absorption costing is typically used for external reporting purposes, such as calculating the cost of goods sold for financial statements.

Variable costing, on the other hand, only includes direct costs in the cost of a product. Indirect costs, or overhead expenses, are not included in the cost of the product under variable costing. Instead, they are treated as a period expense and are recorded in the income statement in the period in which they are incurred. Variable costing is typically used for management decision-making and planning purposes, as it provides a more accurate representation of the incremental costs associated with producing an additional unit of a product.

Variable costing does not determine a per-unit cost of fixed overheads, while absorption costing does. Variable costing will yield one lump-sum expense line item for fixed overhead costs when calculating net income on the income statement. Absorption costing will result in two categories of fixed overhead costs: those attributable to the cost of goods sold, and those attributable to inventory.

Advantages and Disadvantages of Absorption Costing

Assets, such as inventory, remain on the entity’s balance sheet at the end of the period. Because absorption costing allocates fixed overhead costs to both cost of goods sold and inventory, the costs associated with items still in ending inventory will not be captured in the expenses on the current period’s income statement. Absorption costing reflects more fixed costs attributable to ending inventory.

Absorption costing ensures more accurate accounting for ending inventory because the expenses associated with that inventory are linked to the full cost of the inventory still on hand. In addition, more expenses are accounted for in unsold products, which reduces actual expenses reported in the current period on the income statement. This results in a higher net income calculation compared with variable costing calculations.

Because absorption costing includes fixed overhead costs in the cost of its products, it is unfavorable compared with variable costing when management is making internal incremental pricing decisions. This is because variable costing will only include the extra costs of producing the next incremental unit of a product.

In addition, the use of absorption costing generates a situation in which simply manufacturing more items that go unsold by the end of the period will increase net income. Because fixed costs are spread across all units manufactured, the unit fixed cost will decrease as more items are produced. Therefore, as production increases, net income naturally rises, because the fixed-cost portion of the cost of goods sold will decrease.

Example of Absorption Costing

Assume that ABC Company makes widgets. In January, it makes 10,000 widgets, of which 8,000 are sold by the end of the month, leaving 2,000 still in inventory. Each widget uses $5 of labor and materials directly attributable to the item. In addition, there are $20,000 of fixed overhead costs each month associated with the production facility. Under the absorption costing method, ABC will assign an additional $2 to each widget for fixed overhead costs ($20,000 total ÷ 10,000 widgets produced in the month).

The absorption cost per unit is $7 ($5 labor and materials + $2 fixed overhead costs). As 8,000 widgets were sold, the total cost of goods sold is $56,000 ($7 total cost per unit × 8,000 widgets sold). The ending inventory will include $14,000 worth of widgets ($7 total cost per unit × 2,000 widgets still in ending inventory).

The Bottom Line

Absorption costing is a method of costing that includes all manufacturing costs, both fixed and variable, in the cost of a product. It is also known as full costing or full absorption costing. Absorption costing is used to determine the cost of goods sold and ending inventory balances on the income statement and balance sheet, respectively. It is also used to calculate the profit margin on each unit of product and to determine the selling price of the product.

Under absorption costing, the fixed manufacturing overhead costs are included in the cost of a product as an indirect cost. These costs are not directly traceable to a specific product but are incurred in the process of manufacturing the product. The fixed manufacturing overhead costs are allocated to each unit of product based on a predetermined overhead allocation rate, which is calculated by dividing the total estimated fixed manufacturing overhead costs by the total number of units that are expected to be produced. In addition to the fixed manufacturing overhead costs, absorption costing also includes the variable manufacturing costs in the cost of a product. These costs are directly traceable to a specific product and include direct materials, direct labor, and variable overhead.