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The Boston Celtics defeated the Memphis Grizzlies, 119-109. Derrick White led the way for the Celtics with 23 points and 10 assists, while Sam Hauser added 20 points (6-11 3pt FG) in the victory. Ja Morant tallied 25 points, 6 rebounds and 7 assists for the Grizzlies. The Celtics improve to 41-16, while the Grizzlies fall to 34-22.
The notional value and market value both describe the value of a security. Notional value speaks to how much total value a security theoretically controls—for instance through derivatives contracts or debt obligations. Market value, on the other hand, is the price of a security right now that can be bought or sold on an exchange or through a broker.
Market value is also used to refer to the market capitalization of a publicly traded company and is determined by multiplying the number of outstanding shares by the current share price.
Key Takeaways
Notional value is the total value controlled by a position or obligation; e.g. how much value is represented by a derivatives contract.
Market value is price of a security set by buyers and sellers in the marketplace through supply and demand.
For example, a call option representing 100 shares of XYZ stock with a strike price of $40 may trade in the market for $1.20 per contract (100 x $1.20 = $120 market value), but represents a notional value of $4,000 (100 x $40).
Notional Value
The notional value is the total amount of a security’s underlying asset at its spot price. The notional value distinguishes between the amount of money invested and the amount of money associated with the whole transaction. The notional value is calculated by multiplying the units in one contract by the spot price.
For example, assume an investor wants to buy one gold futures contract. The futures contract costs the buyer 100 troy ounces of gold. If gold futures are trading at $1,300, then one gold futures contract has a notional value of $130,000.
Notional value can be used in futures and stocks. But it is more often seen and used in the following five ways: through interest rate swaps, total return swaps, equity options, foreign currency exchange and foreign currency derivatives, and exchange-traded funds (ETFs).
With interest rate swaps, the notional value is used to come up with the amount of interest due. With total return swaps, the notional value is used as part of several calculations that determine the swap rates. With equity options, the notional value refers to the value that the option controls. With foreign currency exchange and foreign currency derivatives, notional value is used to value the currencies.
Notional value accounts for the total value of the position, while market value is the price at which the position can be bought or sold, as set by the market.
Market Value
Market value is very different from notional value. Market value is the price of a security that buyers and sellers agree on in the marketplace. The security’s market value is calculated by determining the security’s supply and demand. Unlike the notional value, which determines the total value of a security based on its contract specification, the market value is the price of one unit of the security.
For example, assume that the S&P 500 Index futures are trading at $2,700. The market value of one unit of the S&P 500 Index is $2,700. Conversely, the notional value of one S&P Index futures contract is $675,000 ($2,700*250) because one S&P Index futures contract leverages 250 units of the index.
A company’s market value is a good indication of investors’ perceptions of its business prospects. The range of market values in the marketplace is enormous, ranging from less than $1 million for the smallest companies to hundreds of billions for the world’s biggest and most successful companies.
Market value can fluctuate a great deal over periods of time and is substantially influenced by the business cycle. Market values may plunge during the bear markets that accompany recessions, and often rise during the bull markets that are a feature of economic expansion.
The Bottom Line
Market value and notional value each represent different sums that are important for investors to understand. The notional value is how much value is represented by an obligation or contract—for instance, an options contract that controls 1,000 bushels of wheat or a corporate bond with a face value at maturity of $1,000. The market value of these obligations, however, will vary due to supply and demand and prevailing market conditions. For instance if the options contract is very far out of the money, its market value may be close to zero, or if interest rates rise substantially the market value of the bond will be for less than $1,000.
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Led by Damian Lillard’s 2nd career triple-double (33 points, 10 rebounds, 12 assists), the Portland Trail Blazers defeat the Golden State Warriors, 125-122. Jerami Grant added 22 points and 4 rebounds in the victory, while Jordan Poole led all scorers with 38 points (7 3PM) and 7 assists for the Warriors. The Trail Blazers improve to 27-28 on the season, while the Warriors fall to 28-27.
There is a unique ratio that can be used to describe the proportions of everything from nature’s smallest building blocks, such as atoms, to the most advanced patterns in the universe, like the unimaginably large celestial bodies. Nature relies on this innate proportion to maintain balance, but the financial markets also seem to conform to this “golden ratio.”
The golden ratio is derived from the Fibonacci numbers, a series of numbers where each entry is the sum of the two preceding entries. Although this sequence is associated with Leonardo of Pisa, the Fibonacci numbers were actually formulated for the first time by the Indian mathematician, Virahanka, 600 years prior to their introduction to the Western world.
Here, we take a look at some technical analysis tools that have been developed to take advantage of the pattern.
Key Takeaways
The golden ratio is an irrational number that is equal to (1+√5)/2, or approximately 1.618…
The ratio is derived from an ancient Indian mathematical formula which Western society named for Leonardo Fibonacci, who introduced the concept to Europe.
Nature uses this ratio to maintain balance, and the financial markets seem to as well.
The Fibonacci sequence can be applied to finance by using four main techniques: retracements, arcs, fans, and time zones.
Fibonacci numbers have become famous in popular culture, although some experts say their importance is exaggerated.
History of the Mathematics
Mathematicians, scientists, and naturalists have known about the golden ratio for centuries. It’s derived from the Fibonacci sequence, named after the Pisan mathematician Leonardo Fibonacci, who lived from around 1175 A.D. until around 1250 A.D.
Although Fibonacci introduced these numbers to the Western world, they were actually discovered by Indian mathematicians hundreds of years earlier. The poet Pingala used them to count the syllables of Sanskrit poetry around 200 B.C., and the method for calculating them was formulated by the Indian mathematician Virahanka around 800 years later.
In this sequence, each number is simply the sum of the two preceding numbers (1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, etc.).
Fibonacci borrowed heavily from Indian and Arabic sources. In his book Liber Abaci, he described the Hindu-Arabic numeral system represented by the numbers 0 through 9. He called this the “Modus Indorum,” or the method of the Indians.
But this sequence is not all that important. The essential part is that as the numbers get larger, the quotient between each successive pair of Fibonacci numbers approximates 1.618, or its inverse 0.618. This proportion is known by many names: the golden ratio, the golden mean, ϕ, and the divine proportion, among others.
So, why is this number so important? Well, many things in nature have dimensional properties that adhere to the ratio of 1.618, so it seems to have a fundamental function for the building blocks of nature.
The exact value of the golden ratio can be calculated by:
ϕ = (1+√5) / 2
Examples of the Golden Ratio
Don’t believe it? Take honeybees, for example. If you divide the female bees by the male bees in any given hive, you will get a number around 1.618. Sunflowers, which have opposing spirals of seeds, have a 1.618 ratio between the diameters of each rotation. This same ratio can be seen in relationships between different components throughout nature.
The golden ratio also appears in the arts, because it is more aesthetically pleasing than other proportions. The Parthenon in Athens, the Great Pyramid in Giza, and Da Vinci’s Mona Lisa all incorporate rectangles whose dimensions are based on the golden ratio. It seems to be unavoidable.
But does that mean it works in finance? Actually, financial markets have the very same mathematical base as these natural phenomena. Below we will examine some ways in which the golden ratio can be applied to finance, and we’ll show some charts as proof.
Trading and Investing With the Golden Ratio
The golden ratio is frequently used by traders and technical analysts, who use it to forecast market-driven price movements. This is because the Fibonacci numbers and the golden ratio have a strong psychological importance in herd behavior. Traders are more likely to take profits or cover losses at certain price points, which happen to be marked by the golden ratio.
Curiously, the widespread use of the golden ratio in trading analysis forms something of a self-fulfilling prophecy: the more traders rely on Fibonacci-based trading strategies, the more effective those strategies will tend to be.
Thanks to books like Dan Brown’s The Da Vinci Code, the golden ratio has been elevated to almost mystical levels in popular culture. However, some mathematicians have stated that the importance of this ratio is wildly exaggerated.
The Golden Ratio and Technical Analysis
When used in technical analysis, the golden ratio is typically translated into three percentages: 38.2%, 50%, and 61.8%. However, more multiples can be used when needed, such as 23.6%, 161.8%, 423%, and so on. Meanwhile, there are four ways that the Fibonacci sequence can be applied to charts: retracements, arcs, fans, and time zones. However, not all might be available, depending on the charting application being used.
1. Fibonacci Retracements
Fibonacci retracements use horizontal lines to indicate areas of support or resistance. Levels are calculated using the high and low points of the chart. Then five lines are drawn: the first at 100% (the high on the chart), the second at 61.8%, the third at 50%, the fourth at 38.2%, and the last one at 0% (the low on the chart). After a significant price movement up or down, the new support and resistance levels are often at or near these lines.
Finding the high and low of a chart is the first step to composing Fibonacci arcs. Then, with a compass-like movement, three curved lines are drawn at 38.2%, 50%, and 61.8% from the desired point. These lines anticipate the support and resistance levels, as well as trading ranges.
Fibonacci fans are composed of diagonal lines. After the high and low of the chart is located, an invisible horizontal line is drawn through the rightmost point. This invisible line is then divided into 38.2%, 50%, and 61.8%, and lines are drawn from the leftmost point through each of these points. These lines indicate areas of support and resistance.
Unlike the other Fibonacci methods, time zones are a series of vertical lines. They are composed by dividing a chart into segments with vertical lines spaced apart in increments that conform to the Fibonacci sequence (1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, etc.). Each line indicates a time in which major price movement can be expected.
What Is the Relationship Between the Fibonacci Series and the Golden Ratio?
The golden ratio is derived by dividing each number of the Fibonacci series by its immediate predecessor. In mathematical terms, if F(n) describes the nth Fibonacci number, the quotient F(n)/ F(n-1) will approach the limit 1.618… for increasingly high values of n. This limit is better known as the golden ratio.
Why Is the Fibonacci Sequence So Important?
The Fibonacci sequence is a recursive series of numbers where each value is determined by the two values immediately before it. For this reason, the Fibonacci numbers frequently appear in problems relating to population growth. When used in visual arts, they are also aesthetically pleasing, although their significance tends to be highly exaggerated in popular culture.
Why Is 1.618 So Important?
The number 1.61803… is better known as the golden ratio, and frequently appears in art, architecture, and natural sciences. It is derived from the Fibonacci series of numbers, where each entry is recursively defined by the entries preceding it. The golden ratio is also used in technical analysis because traders tend to behave in a predictable way near the psychologically-important Fibonacci lines.
The Bottom Line
Fibonacci studies are not intended to provide the primary indications for timing the entry and exit of a position; however, the numbers are useful for estimating areas of support and resistance. Many people use combinations of Fibonacci studies to obtain a more accurate forecast. For example, a trader may observe the intersecting points in a combination of the Fibonacci arcs and resistances.
Fibonacci studies are often used in conjunction with other forms of technical analysis. For example, Fibonacci studies, in combination with Elliott Waves, can be used to forecast the extent of the retracements after different waves. Hopefully, you can find your own niche use for the Fibonacci studies and add it to your set of investment tools.
