What Is the Annualized Income Installment Method?

Taxpayers who are self-employed typically pay quarterly installments of their estimated tax in four even amounts as figured by the regular installment method. Additionally, taxpayers should pay estimated taxes if they receive substantial dividends, interest, alimony, or other forms of income that are not subject to income tax withholding.

When a taxpayer has a fluctuating income, it often causes them to underpay on one or more of the quarterly estimates leading to underpayment penalties. The annualized income installment method calculates the taxpayer’s estimated tax installment payments and helps to decrease underpayment and corresponding underpayment penalties related to fluctuating income. Through the use of the annualized income installment method, taxpayers may estimate their taxes based on known information from the beginning of the tax year through the end of the period paid.

How the Annualized Income Installment Method Works

The purpose of the regular installment method is to figure in quarterly tax installments. It divides the annual estimated tax into four equal segments. The resulting payments are appropriate for the quarterly estimated taxes of taxpayers with a steady income, but this does not work as well for taxpayers whose income fluctuates. Some taxpayers may have a hard time finding the cash to pay estimated taxes in slower months.

Consider, for example, taxpayers Jane and John. Each of them owes $100,000 in annual estimated tax. Jane pays her estimated payments in four $25,000 installments per the regular installment method. She evenly earned her income, 25% each quarter, so the quarterly portions paid her estimated tax in full and on time. 

John’s earnings were uneven, with each tax quarter at 0%, 20%, 30%, and 50%, respectively. John may have a difficult time coming up with the cash necessary to make his first and second quarter estimated tax payments when his earnings are low. Using the regular installment method, if John were to pay less estimated tax in the first two quarters and more in the second two quarters, he would owe an underpayment penalty for the first two quarters.

The annualized income installment method allows John to refigure his installments, so they correlate to his income as he earns it. It does so by annualizing John’s installments over four overlapping periods. Each period begins on Jan. 1. The first period ends on March 31, the second ends on May 31, the third on Aug. 31, and the fourth period ends on Dec. 31. Each period includes all the previous periods, with the final period encompassing the entire year. It allows John to estimate his tax payments based on his income to that point in the year.

In this example, we know the exact percentage of John’s annual earnings from each tax quarter. John pays $0 in March, $20,000 in May, $30,000 in August, and $50,000 in December. John now has four installments of different amounts that, when added together, equal his full annual estimated tax of $100,000. John’s refigured installments are now paid on time, his underpayment penalties abated.

IRS Publication 505 has forms, schedules, and worksheets that guide taxpayers desiring to refigure their installments using the annualized income installment method. However, figuring installments this way is complicated and best done on an IRS worksheet by your favorite tax professional.

What Is an Advance Payment?

Advance payment is a type of payment made ahead of its normal schedule such as paying for a good or service before you actually receive it. Advance payments are sometimes required by sellers as protection against nonpayment, or to cover the seller’s out-of-pocket costs for supplying the service or product.

There are many cases where advance payments are required. Consumers with bad credit may be required to pay companies in advance, and insurance companies generally require an advance payment in order to extend coverage to the insured party.

Understanding Advance Payments

Advance payments are amounts paid before a good or service is actually received. The balance that is owed, if any, is paid once delivery is made. These types of payments are in contrast to deferred payments—or payments in arrears. In these cases, goods or services are delivered first, then paid for later. For example, an employee who is paid at the end of each month for that month’s work would be receiving a deferred payment.

Advance payments are recorded as assets on a company’s balance sheet. As these assets are used, they are expended and recorded on the income statement for the period in which they are incurred.

Advance payments are generally made in two situations. They can be applied to a sum of money provided before a contractually agreed-upon due date, or they may be required before the receipt of the requested goods or services.

Advance Payment Guarantees

An advance payment guarantee serves as a form of insurance, assuring the buyer that, should the seller fail to meet the agreed-upon obligation of goods or services, the advance payment amount will be refunded to the buyer. This protection allows the buyer to consider a contract void if the seller fails to perform, reaffirming the buyer’s rights to the initial funds paid.

Special Considerations: Advance Payments to Suppliers

In the corporate world, companies often have to make advance payments to suppliers when their orders are large enough to be burdensome to the producer. This is especially true if the buyer decides to back out of the deal before delivery.

Advance payments can assist producers who do not have enough capital to buy the materials to fulfill a large order, as they can use part of the money to pay for the product they will be creating. It can also be used as an assurance that a certain amount of revenue will be brought in by producing the large order. If a corporation is required to make an advance payment, it is recorded as a prepaid expense on the balance sheet under the accrual accounting method.

Examples of Advance Payments

There are many examples of advance payments in the real world. Take prepaid cell phones, for example. Service providers require payment for cell services that will be used by the customer one month in advance. If the advance payment is not received, the service will not be provided. The same applies to payments for upcoming rent or utilities before they are contractually due.

Another example applies to eligible U.S. taxpayers who received advance payments through the Premium Tax Credit (PTC) offered as part of the Affordable Care Act (ACA). The financial assistance helps citizens, that meet household income requirements, pay for their health insurance. The money due to the taxpayer is paid to the insurance company in advance of the actual due date for the credit.

Consumers with bad credit may also be required to provide creditors with advance payments before they can purchase goods or services.

What Are 60-Plus Delinquencies?

The 60-plus delinquency rate is a metric that is typically used for the housing industry to measure the number of mortgage loans that are more than 60 days past due on their monthly payments. A 60-plus delinquency rate is often expressed as a percentage of a group of loans that have been underwritten within a specified time period, such as one year.

Understanding 60-Plus Delinquencies

The 60-plus delinquency metric can also be used for auto loans and credit cards. The 60-plus delinquency rate is helpful because it shows creditors and lenders whether consumers are falling behind on their payments and if they’re likely to default on their loans.

The 60-plus rate may be split into prime loans and subprime loans. Subprime loans are for borrowers with a poor credit history. The 60-plus delinquency rate on subprime loans is typically higher than for prime loans. Oftentimes, 60-plus rates are published separately for fixed-rate loans versus adjustable-rate loans, which have a variable rate and might have the option to reset to a fixed rate later in the term.

Monitoring the 60-day rates, as well as other delinquency rates for borrowers, can provide enormous insight into the financial health of consumers in an economy. If economic conditions are favorable, meaning steady economic growth, then delinquency rates tend to fall.

Conversely, as economic conditions deteriorate, unemployment tends to rise as consumers are laid off from their jobs. With less income, it becomes more difficult for consumers to make their mortgage payments, leading to a spike in delinquencies throughout the economy. 

Also, banks and mortgage lenders track delinquency rates since any interruption in mortgage payments represents a reduction in revenue. If delinquencies persist in a poorly performing economy, bank losses can rise as fewer mortgage payments are received, which leads to fewer new loans being issued. Fewer loans being issued to consumers and businesses can exacerbate the already-poor conditions within an economy, making a recovery more challenging.

60-Plus Delinquencies vs. Foreclosure

The 60-plus delinquency rate is often added to another negative event measure: the foreclosure rate for the same group of loans. The two metrics provide a cumulative measure of the individual mortgages that are either not being paid or being paid behind schedule.

Since 60-plus delinquencies are less than 90 days, the loans have yet to enter the foreclosure process. Foreclosure is the legal process in which a bank seizes a home due to default or nonpayment of the mortgage payments by the borrower. Although each lender may differ, typically 90 to 120 days past due, a home loan enters the pre-foreclosure process.

When a borrower is 90 days past due, the lender usually files a notice of default, which is a public notice submitted to the local court stating that the borrower’s mortgage loan is in default. Borrowers can still try to work with their bank to modify the loan at this point in the process.

If the loan payments are still not made beyond the 90- to 120-day period, then the foreclosure process moves forward. The bank will eventually seize the home, and an auction will be held to sell the home to another buyer.

Mortgage-Backed Securities (MBS)

Mortgage loans are sometimes grouped into a pool of loans that make up mortgage-backed securities (MBS). An MBS is sold to investors as a fund in which they earn interest from the mortgage loans. Unfortunately, investors often have no idea whether the loans that comprise the MBS are current—meaning that the borrowers are not behind on their payments.

If the delinquency rate on past-due mortgages rises beyond a certain level, then the mortgage-backed security may experience a shortfall of cash, leading to difficulty making the interest payments to investors. As a result, a re-pricing of the loan assets can occur, resulting in some investors losing a portion or most of their invested capital.

Special Considerations

Homeowners are usually at risk of losing their homes in an economic downturn. But certain protections were put in place to help homeowners affected by the COVID-19 pandemic. In 2020, Congress passed the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security (CARES) Act, which included a provision that allowed borrowers to skip their mortgage payments for up to a year—a process called forbearance. It also provided a moratorium on evictions.

The moratorium on foreclosures and evictions for enterprise-backed mortgages, including those backed by the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) and the Federal Housing Administration (FHA), has been extended several times. The forbearance expires on Sept. 30, 2021.

The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) announced a temporary halt on evictions in counties with substantial or high levels of community transmission of COVID-19. The mandate was set to expire on Oct. 3, 2021, but a U.S. Supreme Court ruling ended this protection on Aug. 26, 2021, by striking down the moratorium.

Below are some of the steps and key portions of your rights under the forbearance program that borrowers can opt into if they’re delinquent on their mortgage payments.

Call Your Lender

Borrowers must contact their lender or bank that issued the mortgage loan and request forbearance. Borrowers mustn’t stop their mortgage payments until they are approved for forbearance from the lender.

You Still Owe the Payments

If approved, forbearance will cause any of your skipped payments to be added to the end of the loan’s term, meaning that the length of the loan will increase. In other words, borrowers still need to make those payments, but instead of making the payments in the next few months, those payments will be added to the end of the payment schedule for the mortgage.

No Penalties

The good news is that there are no penalties for delaying the payments as a result of forbearance. Also, the missed payments won’t hurt your credit score, which is a numeric representation of your creditworthiness and ability to pay back your debt.

Qualifications

Not all mortgage loans qualify. The program typically limits approval to mortgages that are backed or funded by government-sponsored enterprises (GSEs), such as Fannie Mae or Freddie Mac. As a result, it’s important to contact your lender to see what type of mortgage you have. As mentioned above, the emergency measures signed during the COVID-19 pandemic affect mortgages backed by agencies such as the USDA and the FHA.

Example of 60-day Mortgage Delinquencies

The Mortgage Bankers Association (MBA) tracks mortgage delinquency rates for the U.S. economy. The mortgage delinquency rate peaked at 8.22% in the second quarter (Q2) of 2020 but fell to 6.38% within three quarters as of the first quarter (Q1) of 2021. This was the sharpest decline ever seen in such a short period of time. For Q1 2021, the earliest stage delinquencies—the 30-day and 60-day delinquencies combined—dropped to the lowest levels since the inception of the survey in 1979.

FHA-backed mortgage loans had the highest delinquency rate in Q1 2021 of all loan types, at 14.67%. The report notes that while many areas saw improvement from their mid-pandemic highs, delinquency rates as a whole are still higher than they were pre-pandemic.

What Is an Annualized Rate of Return?

An annualized rate of return is calculated as the equivalent annual return an investor receives over a given period. The Global Investment Performance Standards dictate that returns of portfolios or composites for periods of less than one year may not be annualized. This prevents “projected” performance in the remainder of the year from occurring.

Understanding Annualized Rate

Annualized returns are returns over a period scaled down to a 12-month period. This scaling process allows investors to objectively compare the returns of any assets over any period.

Calculation Using Annual Data

Calculating the annualized performance of an investment or index using yearly data uses the following data points:

P = principal, or initial investment

G = gains or losses

n = number of years

AP = annualized performance rate

The generalized formula, which is exponential to take into account compound interest over time, is:

AP = ((P + G) / P) ^ (1 / n) – 1

Annualized Rate of Return Examples

For example, assume an investor invested $50,000 into a mutual fund and, four years later, the investment is worth $75,000. This is a $25,000 gain in four years. Thus, the annualized performance is:

AP = (($50,000 + $25,000) / $50,000) ^ (1/4) – 1

In this example, the annualized performance is 10.67 percent.

A $25,000 gain on a $50,000 investment over four years is a 50 percent return. It is inaccurate to say the annualized return is 12.5 percent, or 50 percent divided by four because this does not take into effect compound interest. If reversing the 10.67 percent result to compound over four years, the result is exactly what is expected:

$75,000 = $50,000 x (1 + 10.67%) ^ 4

It is important not to confuse annualized performance with annual performance. The annualized performance is the rate at which an investment grows each year over the period to arrive at the final valuation. In this example, a 10.67 percent return each year for four years grows $50,000 to $75,000. But this says nothing about the actual annual returns over the four-year period. Returns of 4.5 percent, 13.1 percent, 18.95 percent and 6.7 percent grow $50,000 into approximately $75,000. Also, returns of 15 percent, -7.5 percent, 28 percent, and 10.2 percent provide the same result.

Using Days in the Calculation

Industry standards for most investments dictate the most precise form of annualized return calculation, which uses days instead of years. The formula is the same, except for the exponent:

AP = ((P + G) / P) ^ (365 / n) – 1

Assume from the previous example that the fund returned $25,000 over a 1,275-day period. The annualized return is then:

AP = (($50,000 + $25,000) / $50,000) ^ (365/1275) – 1

The annualized performance in this example is 12.31 percent.